Un artículo excelente sobre el campo arquetípico del liderazgo escrito por Silvia Behrend que algunos de nosotros ya conocemos por sus clases a distancia y algunos videos clips colgados en este blog hace unos meses. Fue publicado en la revista "on-line" Depth Insights en el siguiente enlace.
An excellent article by Sylvia Behrend who some of us know from her video clips on this blog and her teleseminars. It was publishes in the on-line magaizne Depth Insights in the link below.
http://www.depthinsights.com/Depth-Insights-scholarly-ezine/e-zine-issue-4-spring-2013/the-archetypal-field-of-leadership-by-silvia-behrend/
The Archetypal Field of Leadership
by Silvia Behrend
The Pacific Northwest is frequently cold and gray both in the spring
and summer. However, the weather does not essentially change the natural
patterns of bird migration. Thus, I was surprised to hear the honking
of a lone goose flying through the early spring air as the migration had
not yet begun. Why was it flying alone?
I followed the goose as long as possible and imagined different
things: the goose was lost, it was re-joining its mate or its flock, it
was flying reconnaissance. Whatever the reality of that one goose, I was
moved in a powerful and non-rational way. I experienced a flash of
intuitive knowing that the archetypal field of leadership is one of
service to the mandates of the Self, predicated upon a conscious
ego-Self relationship. In this paper, Self specifically refers to the
ordering principle of the Psyche, which is understood to be the totality
of all psychic processes. The Self is that which brings the ego into
conscious relationship with the psyche, and may be called “God” in the
realm of human experience. What struck me forcefully and intuitively is
that for leadership to emerge certain conditions would have to set the
field into motion.
That intuition was based on the story revealed in the flight of the
lone goose. It was a holographic pattern that could be read by seeing
one aspect of the whole. Geese are social beings that fly in flocks,
alternating leadership. They almost never fly alone and only for very
specific reasons: they are either searching for their mate, have lost
track of the flock, or are scouting for a nesting spot. Their calling is
a form of communication, a contact call. When flying together, they are
exchanging information; when flying alone, they are sending out a
contact request. Here I am. Where are you?
The intuition that the goose was in danger because it was lost or
separated from its flock, was confirmed by Dr. Marilyn Ramenofsky,
Professor of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior at UC Davis. As a
specialist in the study of migratory birds, she agreed that at that time
of the year, at that time of the night, it was dangerous for the goose
to be alone. It was calling out to find its rightful place within the
safety and social structure of the flock (personal communication, July
2012).
The image of the lone goose exemplified the archetypal field of
leadership in its entirety: a field is an a-priori, pre-existent,
non-spatial, non-temporal energetic pattern with its own particular
characteristics, proclivities and trajectories. While there are
multi-layered and complex explications of a particular field, any one
aspect of the field illustrates the dominant nature of the field. We
recognize the field when we see the pattern revealed in behavior; a
partial expression reveals the whole pattern. This pre-formed field
exists in potentia; when certain conditions are met, it will be lived
into, breathed into, brought to material expression (Conforti, 1999).
What can be expressed in the field of leadership is:
- Humility, the ability to carry the role and projections generatively; or
- Hubris, the identification of the ego with the transpersonal;
- Sacrifice of the ego to the demands of the Self; or
- Adherence to the ego’s own need for power;
- Ability of the system to move into a new configuration; or
- A system’s resistance to change or regression to a less generative form
How the field manifests is contingent on the individual’s
relationship to the Self and the collective and individual’s
relationship with one another.
The partial expression of the field by the lone goose revealed the
whole pattern: flocks of geese fly in a “V” formation with one goose
taking the lead. The apex of the V functions as an
attractor
site, which can be understood as a magnetic force that calls for a goose
to take on the leadership role at huge energetic cost. This is the
ontological field, the pull of the leadership field calls someone or
something into the active lead position to ensure the survival of the
flock in an efficient and energy-conserving manner.
I will employ the basic principles of Archetypal Pattern Analysis; a
discipline created by Dr. Michael Conforti to understand the workings of
the archetypes as expressions of the self-regulating nature of the
Self. First, I will look at the natural world to discern the
essence
or dominant of the archetypal field of leadership. Then I propose to
look at Exodus in the Hebrew Scriptures, as one example of how that
essence expresses itself in the human realm in both generative and
non-generative ways.
Definition of Leadership:
The Field of Leadership calls into being someone or something with
the ability to exercise power and authority in the service of and in
relationship with the Self. Something reveals itself to the ego, guiding
and leading the ego into fulfilling the mandates of the Self. As we
will see later, this may or may not be generative, what is revealing
itself may be destructive. In its most positive reading, the mandate is
to act, lead and guide the collective when the need arises, to ensure
survival and evolution. That need is expressed in families,
organizations, cultures, countries, small and large groups. It is
expressed in the internal psychic life of a human being whose ego must
lead the way through complexes to come into a coherent relationship the
Self. If the ego navigates the journey well, it can act for the benefit
of the relationship between ego and Self and extend that relationship
into the world as service. In the best of all possible manifestations,
the ego that responds to the call to “step up” will be conscious and
aware of itself as related to something greater than itself. That is
service.
To serve the Self requires power, the ability to do what must be done
with energy and strength. It demands authority, engendering trust and
confidence in followers so they might be guided across, through, over,
and into the Promised Land. Whether that land be a functional family, an
ethical organization, or a war, the followers need to know that they
are in good hands, that the leader can take and contain their
projections, as well as deal with their own terror.
This is the most generative articulation of a field that exists, and
it constellates when certain conditions are met. A threat to the
survival of the collective, or the need for evolution, will open up
space for the leader to emerge, step in and act. The leader is someone
who has the requisite skills and talents, gifts and proclivities to
enter that field
either with action and/or vision. I
believe that this requires an exquisite attunement between the ego and
the Self and refers both to the external expression of leadership as
well as to an internal experience of leading one’s own self through the
dangers inherent in the process of coming to conscious relationship with
the Self.
However, if that relationship does not exist or is weak, the leader
cannot carry the generative function of the Self. Whether the trajectory
taken will lead to the health and well-being, safety and wholeness of
the people, or to terror, destruction and perversion will be predicated
on the strength of the person’s conscious relationship to the Self.
Regardless of the trajectory taken, they will still be a leader; but
when not generatively aligned, the people will suffer, not flourish.
In order to see how the field of leadership is expressed in the
natural world, we can observe how bees function as a diffuse and
decentralized system, while studying geese reveals the emergence of
relationality and sociability in how leadership is shared.
In the natural world, the essential functions of leadership are
fulfilled in a dynamic process, instinctually following universal and
eternal mandates for the replication of life, survival and evolution.
These natural processes apply to the human realm as well, where
relationality expresses the feminine aspect of Psyche, the work of the
anima that can lead the ego into deep understanding of and relationship
with the psyche. This understanding would allow the ego to act in a
manner congruent with the healthiest expression of power and authority
inherent in the field. Any break in the relationship could lead to a
destructive and ego-based use of power and authority. This can be
evaluated by analyzing the behavior of the leader and his or her effects
on the collective.
Another aspect of the human realm is that we enter another dimension,
that of the evolution of human consciousness: the world of Psyche as
expressed through the ordering function of the Self. It is a dynamic
dance between the evolving ego and the Self, which seeks wholeness and
balance. The archetypal field of leadership will call an ego into the
role of leader when the need arises in the collective for survival and
evolution. The leader must be able to step into the role, accept and
acknowledge what belongs to the role and realize that he or she cannot
go it alone. The leader/ego requires the help of the Self. The ego must
have a relationship to the Self; without that connection, there is
nowhere to go for help, nor is there an acknowledgment that the ego is
unable to generatively fulfill the mandates expressed in the field of
leadership on its own. As mentioned earlier, Self can be understood to
be “God,” the expression of supreme spiritual value that orders
existence.
You can’t do the job of bringing about the wholeness without a
profound rapport between the conscious and the unconscious and without
going to the God. Then that God has, first, to agree and, second, to
provide essential help without which the journey cannot take place
(Kauffman, 2009, p. 68).
The field of leadership constellates an ontological mandate to serve
the Self; the way to serve is revealed and accessible to humans through
active relationship with the Self, or as Kauffman expresses it, with
God. This will become clearer when we look at how these processes are
expressed through the story of Moses.
The Relationship of Ego to Self in the Case of Bees
The beehive serves as an excellent example of how a dynamical system
operates as a diffuse system of continuous adaptation without a
centralized core directing its functions. What emerges from the
collective at any given time is an immediate and adaptive response to
the environment, the responses are the natural actions of each part of
the organism doing what it is designed to do.
Thus, care must be taken not to attribute human cognition or ontology
to the natural world. There is no ‘leader’ bee that determines anything
for the collective. Hives contain only one queen bee whose function is
to mate with the few males who die right after aerial insemination. She
then lays between 1500 and 3000 eggs a day from the accumulated sperm of
that single flight. The eggs that are not fertilized will become male,
the fertilized eggs become the worker bees who take care of the next
generation. Queens may live from five to seven years and lose their
fecundity as they age. When a queen bee dies, is ill, gets too old, or
it is time to swarm, somehow the hive “knows” that a new queen must be
created. At that particular moment, something gets constellated and
communicated, and the hive goes into immediate reproductive alert.
The worker bees, all females, choose a number of fertilized eggs
previously laid in queen cups and feed them exclusively on royal jelly.
The first queen to emerge stings the other possible queens and becomes
the one who will mate with the drones to continue the hive, or swarm and
establish a new colony. Each part of the whole does what it is designed
to do without a central command center. This is the articulation of the
field in its most diffuse form, the need for survival, protection,
evolution, moves the hive to act as one: “The Queen is Dead, Long Live
the Queen.”
The Relationship of Ego to Self in the Movement of Wild Geese
…the wild geese, high in the clean blue air,
are heading home again.
Whoever you are, no matter how lonely,
the world offers itself to your imagination
calls to you like the wild geese, harsh and
exciting –
over and over announcing your place
in the family of things.(Oliver, 2003, p. 1)
These lines by Mary Oliver articulate our deep resonance to the image
of geese, home and family. The image is powerful precisely because the
goose was flying alone. While I intuited that it was seeking the flock,
research affirmed that geese live in social systems, and flying alone is
dangerous.
The study of geese demonstrates the movement to relationality, the
quality of being in relationship. Geese live in family groups, mating
for life; if one dies, the goose may or may not mate again. When a goose
is ill or injured, two geese fly down with it and stay until the goose
is either well enough to rejoin a flock or dies. The two geese will then
re-join a flock. This illustrates how adaptation includes relational
affective bonds between and among members of the collective.
Something very profound is being expressed—the field is not only
predicated on survival. In Nature, there is safety in numbers. Leaving
the flock and making one’s way back to the flock does not make survival
sense, as the geese or goose will have to face predatory dangers. Adolf
Portmann described the need for animals to express their individuality
even when it may be a disadvantage to their survival (Conforti, 1999).
Thus, relationality is a value embedded in the field, which encompasses
the ability to sacrifice one’s own survival in the service of something
greater than oneself.
Geese fly in a V formation to conserve energy, increase efficiency,
and facilitate communication. The V allows for visual contact and
honking provides information and perhaps encouragement. One goose
assumes the position at the apex of the V. Inhabiting that space
requires the strength and ability to take the brunt of the force from
the wind and being attuned to the flock’s direction. When that goose
gets tired, another one takes that space. The ‘lead’ goose then flies
into the center of the V in order to recover. The leadership spot
‘calls’ another goose into service. The very moment when the lead goose
gets tired and another one is moved to take the space describes the
activation and expression of the field of leadership.
This is the transpersonal movement in the field of leadership. The
rotation of the leadership spot in service to the whole requires that
whoever takes that spot be able to do the work. The attractor of
leadership is aligned from the archetypal field of leadership to the
archetypal field of the prospective leader. In the natural world, the
bird must be strong enough to ‘lead.’ It cannot be sick, wounded, weak,
or too young or inexperienced as that would endanger the survival of the
flock. The same holds true in the human realm.
Relationality, the movement from leader to follower and back again,
the necessity for the leader to be capable, adept and willing to step
into that space is embedded in the field of leadership. Those
relationships can be collective, as demonstrated by the hive, as all
parts work together to adapt to the moment and can be predicated on an
individual taking on the hard work necessary to take the collective
where it needs to go. The ego must be willing to risk and sacrifice.
The Relationship of Ego to Self in the Hebrew Scriptures: Exodus
Bridging from the Natural world to the human expression of natural
processes requires some transitional comments. We have seen that Nature
reveals the archetypal aspects of leadership through relationality;
hives and flocks are dynamically adaptive systems which respond to a
collective need. Within parameters, it doesn’t matter which bee or
goose responds. In the case of human beings, however, there is the added
component of the nature of the relationship between the ego and the
Self. The quality of this relationship is crucial for both the ego and
the Self. As we move to the human experience of the transpersonal, the
supreme ordering principle is expressed through humanity’s story and
history of its relationship to God. Thus, from the study of hives and
flocks, we move to the stories of God and humans as expressed in the
Hebrew Scriptures. The Self, or God, cannot know itself or reach
consciousness and awareness without the engagement of the ego. As
Edinger (2000) states:
All history is a visible manifestation of God’s engagement in human
affairs, God on the human plane, so to speak…. History is the visible
manifestation of God, which can occur only with the appearance of
Self-conscious man. History is the autobiography of God. We know
psychologically that God needs history as his object. This is the basis
for
God’s need for humanity. (pp.13-14)
In order for an ego to serve the mandates of the Self (that life be
lived, that humans and God partner in the evolution of the Creation),
there has to be a relationship. Relationality is the feminine aspect of
the Self. In the Hebrew Scriptures, she is described as Wisdom and is
also known as Sophia, Teacher, Guide. Relationality is the
anima-function, the soul of the connection between Self and ego. She is
the supreme teacher of all that can be known, done or envisioned and she
is always available to the ego in its development of relationship to
the Psyche, through the ordering principle of the Self. Wisdom requires
sacrifice and the courage to take action, regardless of how the
collective views it or what the consequences might be. Wisdom is always
available to the ego and both Wisdom and ego are in relationship with
God (the Self).
The question is—can the ego hear the generative voice of Wisdom, or
will it be possessed by unassimilated archetypal contents of the
unconscious?
It is naïve to believe that leadership embedded in relationship
includes only the possibilities for ethical behavior, since the Self
contains all human experiences, from the most brutal and bloodthirsty
expression to the most generative and ethical. Being possessed by
unconscious urges, rages, wrath, jealousy, greed, exist as a regressive
and primitive identification with one aspect of the archetypal field.
Only an ego strong enough to choose to become conscious, aware and
relationally connected to the Self can withstand the onslaught of
destructive psychic contents. That ego must develop its strength through
trials and tests, overcome obstacles and recognize that it is in
relationship to something greater which it serves: God/Self. The ego
will be afraid, it will be alone, and it may not succeed.
Thus far, we have seen that the archetypal field of leadership gets
constellated by the system when there is a need for someone to guide the
system into a new state of being: from oppression to liberation, from
danger to safety, from beginning to end. This requires someone in
creative and dynamic relationship with God/Self in which they can access
the full power and authority that resides not with the ego, but with
the Self. As stated earlier, this is important both for the evolution of
the ego and for the evolution of the Self. The obverse can also
manifest—instead of humble, strong and capable leaders, there are
dictators, psychopathic bosses, weak and ineffective monarchs and rulers
who lead the system into destruction: their ego and the God are one.
We can read the story of Exodus as the human expression of how the
archetypal field of leadership constellates and how the leader and
leaders who emerge fulfill that function generatively or not, depending
on their relationship to God/Self.
The conditions in the field generate certain responses: danger to
survival sets into motion the expression of leadership in the material
world. The responses of both the individual and the collective are
pre-set and determined by the field itself. When Pharaoh decreed both
the enslavement of the Hebrews and the killing of the first-born males
in every family, the field was constellated. The people were constrained
by the field to move from the attractor of oppression to that of
liberation or face extinction. At the same time, the space opened for
the leader to emerge who would take the people from oppression to the
Promised Land.
The conditions required to move from one place or attractor to
another were set in motion: Would the leader who emerged serve the
highest good of the collective or fall into hubris? In the Exodus story,
Moses emerged, both literally and symbolically, from his relationship
to God/Self. He is “twice born,” once biologically and once from the
river, a powerful image attesting to the potential for developing a
conscious relationship with the source of life. He will have to do the
psychological work necessary to develop that relationship throughout his
life. Moses will face exile, separation and union, and emerge connected
to God in a generative manner (Edinger, 2000). And he will pay the
price.
Moses is adopted by the Egyptian Princess and becomes a prince, a
leadership role he is not yet prepared to fulfill generatively. The
role, without a proper relationship and submission to the god, possesses
Moses. His one act as prince is murder, killing an Egyptian taskmaster
who was beating a Hebrew slave. The leader who acts out of
ego-identification with the role is thus possessed by the archetypal and
the transpersonal, the ego is eclipsed by the unconscious.
The ego must pay, moving from hubris to humility. Moses goes into
exile, where he relinquishes the mantle of an adopted role and becomes a
shepherd, husband and father, a man who serves God with humility. This
is the proper attitude of an ego that can carry the function of the Self
without becoming possessed by it.
In the meantime, the people’s distress and oppression have increased
and the need for liberation has reached a turning point. The Self is on
the move and ready to call the leader into action.
God calls to Moses from a bush that burns but is not consumed. The
field of leadership calls for an ego that can serve as the carrier of
the power of the holy but not be obliterated by the contents of the
transpersonal. The voice from the bush tells Moses that he is to lead
the people to freedom. Moses’ initial refusal demonstrates the proper
attitude to the God: Who am I to do this?
Moses continues: “I can neither speak nor convince the people that it
was you who sent me. They will not follow me without proof. I need
help.”
The response is that all that Moses will do or say will be directed
by and done through God’s power: “I will be with your mouth and teach
you what you shall speak…and will teach you what you shall do” (Exodus
4:12-15).
It is never Moses’ ego-self that lifts his hands and opens up the Red
Sea or brings the manna, water, or quail. It is always the God who
flows through him, who possesses the ego without obliterating or
consuming it. When the hands are lowered, the ego returns to the
relationship and knows it serves the Self and not itself. False leaders,
on the other hand, are possessed by primitive and unassimilated
contents of the unconscious because their relationship to the Self is
either weak or severed. The ego becomes inflated and remains in that
state.
Help for Moses will come from other parts as well, the front spot is
only one aspect of a coherent system. God says to Moses: I will send
Aaron to help you and you shall be as God to Aaron (Exodus 4:16).
Psychologically, Moses is informed that his direct relationship to the
Self is developed and generative enough for Moses to be able to carry
its function without inflation. He can hold the projections and deal
with the terror, and not be led astray by the collective pressures to
return to old adaptive ways. At every turn, when the people turn against
him, Moses takes the blame, criticism, and approbation, and remains
true to the mandates of the Self.
When Moses goes to the mountain to receive the law that will
delineate the relationship between the people and God, the system once
again experiences distress, threat, and disconnection. The field is
activated as they seek to return to a previous balance. Regardless of
the reality of that former existence, the pull to the old attractor is
there.
The people demand that Aaron re-create the old gods, and become their
leader because Moses and God had abandoned them. Aaron kills off the
God; his leadership is false because it is not related to the highest
good of the people but rather on his ego identification as the de-facto
leader in Moses’ absence. He could not carry the projection or the
mandates of the field in a way that best served the people, but instead
served his self-interest in becoming the leader. The people once again
pay the price, even though their distress had constellated the field.
Moses would have—and did—refuse that pull to become the God himself and
thus fall into hubris. This would not only destroy Moses and the people,
but also would diminish awareness and consciousness itself.
At every turn when the Hebrews are challenged by their journey—the
Red Sea Crossing, their hunger and thirst, their fear of
abandonment—they turn against Moses, who never betrays or abandons them.
His relationship with God is strong enough that he repeatedly pleads
with God on the people’s behalf in spite of their accusations, their
lack of faith, and lack of obedience to the highest value for their
evolution. Moses’ power and authority is constantly challenged and he is
equal to the task because the power comes from his relationship to God.
When the relational aspect of the field is compromised or severed,
when the feminine is “killed off,” so to speak, the field will express
the most destructive aspect of adaptation. Relationality, participation
in the human condition, and understanding of the nature of Self as
something
wholly other to which one must bow, is obliterated. What remains is an ego who believes it is the center of the universe, the God itself.
Those who serve the highest and best aspects of the Self are
recognized by their actions, by what they are willing to sacrifice and
risk. Much like the goose who flies down to care for the most vulnerable
and risks predation, the generative leader will do what must be done
for the collective regardless of the cost. The conscious leader will
know the cost and choose to pay the price for being in intimate
relationship with and in service to God/Self. Moses lost his
participation with community, his intimate relationship to family, and
the Promised Land. Moses spoke intimately with God and had to be veiled
to protect the people from his shining countenance. He lived outside the
encampment, his sole intimate relationship was with the transpersonal.
Not many can carry that mandate generatively for the sake of the
collective, especially when the field is activated.
The field of leadership, once specific pre-formed conditions are met,
sets into motion the manifestation in material form in predictable
ways. Those who emerge can step into the space and serve the highest
values or they can serve the narrow self-interest of an ego weakly
related to Self, or even completely obliterated by archetypal
possession. The implications for all of us—as therapists, analysts,
parents, co-workers, bosses and friends—is that we need to be aware that
we will be constrained by the workings of invisible fields to act in
ways which may nor may not be generative. It is our moral duty to do the
difficult work of coming to conscious relationship to the Self so we
may lead our lives into wholeness and balance and be able to serve the
world, whether for a moment or a lifetime.
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Dr. Silvia Behrend is a graduate of the Assisi
Institute’s Archetypal Pattern Analyst Program as well as a Certified
Dream Pattern Analyst. She is an adjunct professor in the Doctoral
Leadership Studies Program at Gonzaga University as well as an
archetypal pattern analyst in private practice.
